| FROM DOT TO DOMESDAY | Early Medieval | The Birth of Nations: England |
| ESSEX | |
Essex - the kingdom of the East-Saxons - was, according to Roger of Wendover, founded in 527. It seems likely that, by about 600 the East-Saxons had absorbed the Middle-Saxons (Middlesex and south-eastern Hertfordshire). London was its chief town. During the second half of the 7th century, Essex came under Mercian domination. Following their defeat by Wessex, at the battle of Ellendun in 825, Mercian supremacy came to an end. Subsequently, Essex was absorbed into Wessex.
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King of the East-Saxons |
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527 - 587 Æscwine Roger of Wendover says that Essex "... was first held, it is said, by Erkenwine [Æscwine] ..." Roger records Æscwine's death in 587. Although not impossible, it is highly unlikely that one king could reign for sixty years. |
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587 - 597 Sledd Son of ÆscwineRoger of Wendover: "In the year of grace 587 ... died Erkenwine [Æscwine], king of the East-Saxons, and was succeeded by his son Sledda [Sledd] ... who reigned ten years." In 589, Roger notes the birth of Sæberht, Sledd's son and eventual successor. Sledd's wife was Ricula, Daughter of Eormenric of Kent. |
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597 - 616 Sæberht Son of SleddThe 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' says that Sæberht was appointed king of Essex by Æthelberht of Kent. Sæberht was the son of Æthelberht's sister, Ricula. In 604, St.Augustine consecrated St.Mellitus as a bishop, and sent him to preach in Essex. Sæberht was converted to Christianity, and Æthelberht had the church of St.Paul built, in London, for St.Mellitus and his successors. It was the intention of Pope Gregory (590-604) that London would become one of two English archbishoprics, the other being York.
In 'British Archaeology' (Issue 44, May 1999), Dr. John Schofield writes: "Of all the periods in London's history, the Saxon has produced the most surprises from excavations of recent years. Though the Dark Ages continue to be dark, there is increasing light on this formative period... Within the city itself, however, evidence remains meagre from the collapse of the Roman administration in 410 until the late Saxon reoccupation under King Alfred in the 9th century. The extent to which the city was occupied during these intervening centuries, with its great Roman buildings slowly crumbling, remains one of London's - as yet - great unsolved mysteries. By 410, the built-up area within the town walls had already contracted greatly in size. Parts had been cleared of buildings and were already covered by a horizon of dark silts (often described as 'dark earth') suggesting that land was converted to arable and pastoral use or abandoned entirely. The dark earth may have started forming in the 3rd century. The protection afforded by the walls, however, suggests the town would have remained a centre of some importance, a place of refuge if not an urban centre. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 457 mentions the flight of the British to London after their defeat at Creaganford (Crayford, Kent) at the hands of Hengist and Horsa, leaders of the Saxon invaders. The first documented building work in the walled area after the departure of the Romans was the foundation of the cathedral church of St.Paul by King Aethelbert [Æthelberht] of Kent in or shortly after 604, as recorded by Bede. Its remains presumably underlie the present Wren church and churchyard, though any fragments beneath the cathedral would now be very badly damaged; and no Saxon remains of this period have been identified in excavations either here or elsewhere in the city. The building of a cathedral does not necessarily imply the continuation of settlement, as it was papal policy to establish cathedrals in former Roman towns whatever their level of population."
Both Æthelberht and Sæberht died in 616. A pagan resurgence followed. |
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616 - c.618 Seaxred, Sæweard (and Seaxbald?) Sons of SæberhtAccording to Bede, when Sæberht died he "... left three sons, still pagans, to inherit his temporal crown. They immediately began openly to give themselves up to idolatry, which, during their father's lifetime, they had seemed somewhat to abandon, and they granted free licence to their subjects to serve idols." Mellitus, Bishop of London, was expelled. Sæberht's sons, however "... did not continue long unpunished in their worship of devils. For marching out to battle against the nation of the Gewissæ [i.e. Wessex], they were all slain with their army. Nevertheless, the people having been once turned to wickedness, though the authors of it were destroyed, would not be corrected, nor return to the unity of faith and charity which is in Christ." It is possible that the dispute with Wessex concerned the control of Surrey. The name Surrey means 'southern district', and it is thought that it was originally a Middle-Saxon province. Sir Frank Stenton, in 'Anglo-Saxon England' writes: "Like the Saxons of Middlesex, the Saxons of Surrey have no independent history... At different periods in the seventh century Surrey appears as a province of Kent, Wessex, and Mercia ... The only certainty in the early history of Surrey is the fact that its settlement had begun before the appearance of organized kingdoms in the Thames valley." |
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c.618 - before 653 Sigeberht I 'Parvus' (the Little) Son of SæweardSucceeded when his father and uncles were killed in battle. |
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before 653 - 6 . . Sigeberht II 'Sanctus' (the Good) Succeeded his kinsman Sigeberht I. He was persuaded to become a Christian by his friend, Oswiu of Northumbria, and he was baptised during a visit to Oswiu in 653. Bede relates that Sigeberht "... having now become a citizen of the eternal kingdom, returned to the seat of his temporal kingdom, requesting of King Oswy [Oswiu] that he would give him some teachers, to convert his nation to the faith of Christ, and cleanse them in the fountain of salvation. Wherefore Oswy, sending into the province of the Midland Angles, summoned the man of God, Cedd, and, giving him another priest for his companion, sent them to preach the Word to the East Saxons." Sigeberht was murdered by two brothers, relatives of his, and, according to Bede, when asked why they had killed Sigeberht, the brothers replied that "... they had been incensed against the king, and hated him, because he was too apt to spare his enemies, and calmly forgave the wrongs they had done him, upon their entreaty." Bede then goes on to explain that, in fact, Sigeberht's death was divine retribution. In earlier times, Sigeberht had gone to visit one of his killers when forbidden to do so, because the man had been excommunicated for being unlawfully married. He was discovered, en route, by St.Cedd. Bede continues: "The king, beholding him, immediately dismounted from his horse, trembling, and fell down at his feet, begging pardon for his offence; for the bishop, who was likewise on horseback, had also alighted. Being much incensed, he touched the prostrate king with the rod he held in his hand, and spoke thus with the authority of his office: "I tell thee, forasmuch as thou wouldest not refrain from the house of that sinful and condemned man, thou shalt die in that very house." Yet it is to be believed, that such a death of a religious man not only blotted out his offence, but even added to his merit; because it happened on account of his piety and his observance of the commands of Christ." |
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6 . . - 664 Swithhelm Son of SeaxbaldCo-ruler of Swithfrith? It seems possible that Swithhelm and Swithfrith may be the brothers, mentioned by Bede, who killed the previous king of Essex, Sigeberht. Swithhelm was baptised by St.Cedd at Rendlesham, the country seat of the East Anglian king, Æthelwald, who stood as Swithhelm's godfather. |
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6 . . - 66 . Swithfrith? Son of Seaxbald?Co-ruler of Swithhelm? A King Swithfrith is known from a charter, where he appears making a foundation gift to Barking monastery. |
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664 - 683 Sigehere Son of Sigeberht ICo-ruler of Sæbbi. Bede states that "... Kings Sighere [Sigehere] and Sebbi [Sæbbi], though themselves subject to Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, governed the province of the East Saxons after Suidhelm [Switthelm] ..." The 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' notes their presence at the dedication ceremony of Peterborough Abbey (in Mercia) in 664. During the same year, Bede reports that "... a sudden pestilence depopulated first the southern parts of Britain, and afterwards attacking the province of the Northumbrians, ravaged the country far and near, and destroyed a great multitude of men." Whilst this plague was raging in Essex: "... Sighere, with his part of the people, forsook the mysteries of the Christian faith, and turned apostate. For the king himself, and many of the commons and nobles, loving this life, and not seeking after another, or even not believing in any other, began to restore the temples that had been abandoned, and to adore idols, as if they might by those means be protected against the plague." In 665, Wulfhere despatched his bishop, Jaruman, to restore Sigehere's territory to Christianity. Jaruman "... acted with much discretion, as I was informed by a priest who bore him company in that journey, and had been his fellow labourer in the Word, for he was a religious and good man, and travelling through all the country, far and near, brought back both the people and the aforesaid king to the way of righteousness, so that, either forsaking or destroying the temples and altars which they had erected, they opened the churches, and gladly confessed the Name of Christ, which they had opposed, choosing rather to die in the faith of resurrection in Him, than to live in the abominations of unbelief among their idols. Having thus accomplished their works, the priests and teachers returned home with joy." Barbara Yorke, in 'Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England', opines: "An obvious territorial division within the area governed by the East Saxons in the seventh century would be between the East Saxon homelands and the province of the Middle Saxons. It is quite conceivable that during the disputes over succession following the death of a king members of different kin-groups might establish themselves within the two provinces and that is probably how the reigns of Sigehere and Sæbbi should be interpreted." |
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664 - 694 Sæbbi (St.Sebbi) Son of SæweardCo-ruler of Sigehere. When Sigehere lapsed into paganism, Bede notes that "... Sebbi [Sæbbi], his companion and co-heir in the kingdom, with all his people, very devoutly preserved the faith which he had received ..." In 686-7, the kingdom of Kent suffered at the hands of Cædwalla of Wessex and his brother, Mul. It is not clear quite how Essex got involved, but, in 688, Sæbbi's son, Swæfheard became co-ruler of Kent. Charters testify to the fact that Cædwalla took control of Surrey, and also might suggest that he briefly managed to wrest the overlordship of Essex from Mercia.
Barbara Yorke ('Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England') suggests that conflict between Sigehere and Sæbbi "... provided opportunities for foreign intervention and the rival candidates appear to have looked to different outside kingdoms for support. Sigehere may have thrown in his lot with Cædwalla. A charter of Cædwalla, which Sigehere appears to have witnessed, refers to Sigehere's conquest of Kent. As any such conquest would have occurred at about the same time that Cædwalla's brother Mul became ruler of Kent it is possible that the two men worked together and briefly ruled Kent between them. Sæbbi, on the other hand, seems to have sided with the Mercian kings, and may have done so as early as 664. After Cædwalla's abdication in 668 Mercian support ensured the supremacy of Sæbbi's family."
Bede writes of Sæbbi that: "His mind was set on religious acts, frequent prayer and pious fruits of almsgiving; he esteemed a private and monastic life better than all the wealth and honours of his kingdom, and he would have long before left his kingdom and adopted that life, had not his wife firmly refused to be divorced from him; for which reason many were of opinion and often said that a man of such a disposition ought rather to have been made a bishop than a king. When he had spent thirty years as a king and a soldier of the heavenly kingdom, he fell into great bodily infirmity, of which he afterwards died, and he admonished his wife, that they should then at least together devote themselves to the service of God, since they could no longer together enjoy, or rather serve, the world. Having with much difficulty obtained this of her, he went to Waldhere, bishop of London ... and with his blessing received the religious habit, which he had long desired. He also carried to him a considerable sum of money, to be given to the poor, reserving nothing to himself, but rather coveting to remain poor in spirit for the sake of the kingdom of Heaven. When the aforesaid sickness increased, and he perceived the day of his death to be drawing near, being a man of a royal disposition, he began to apprehend lest, when in great pain, at the approach of death, he might commit anything unworthy of his character, either by word or gesture. Wherefore, calling to him the aforesaid bishop of London, in which city he then was, he entreated him that none might be present at his death, besides the bishop himself, and two of his own attendants. The bishop having promised that he would most willingly grant his request, not long after the man of God composed himself to sleep, and saw a consoling vision, which took from him all anxiety concerning the aforesaid uneasiness; and, moreover, showed him on what day he was to end his life. For, as he afterwards related, he saw three men in shining garments come to him; one of whom sat down by his bed, whilst his companions who had come with him stood and inquired about the state of the sick man they had come to visit, and he said that the king's soul should quit his body without any pain, and with a great splendour of light; and told him that he should die the third day after. Both these things came to pass, as he had learnt from the vision; for on the third day after, at the ninth hour, he suddenly fell, as it were, into a light slumber, and without any sense of pain he gave up the ghost. A stone coffin had been prepared for his burial, but when they came to lay him in it, they found his body a span longer than the coffin. Hereupon they chipped away as much of the stone as they could, and made the coffin about two inches longer; but not even so would it contain the body. Wherefore because of this difficulty of entombing him, they had thoughts either to get another coffin, or else to shorten the body, by bending it at the knees, if they could, so that the coffin might contain it. But Heaven interposed and a miracle prevented the execution of either of those designs; for on a sudden, in the presence of the bishop and Sighard [Sigeheard], who was the son of that same king and monk, and who reigned after him jointly with his brother Suefred [Swæfred], and of no small number of men, that coffin was found to fit the length of the body, insomuch that a pillow might even be put in at the head; and at the feet the coffin was four inches longer than the body."
There exists a land grant, to the monastery at Barking, by a relative of Sæbbi called Œthelred. It has been suggested that Œthelred was sub-king of Surrey. |
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694 - 7 . . Sigeheard Son of SæbbiJoint ruler with Swæfred. Barbara Yorke ('Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England') writes: "Although we cannot appreciate all its ramifications the East Saxons seem to have possessed an interesting system of multiple kingship which apparently allowed several members of the royal house to be ruling at the same time though not all rulers were necessarily of the same status... It is not certain whether Sæbbi's sons Sigeheard and Swæfred held positions as subsidiary rulers while their father was alive... Certainly Sigeheard and Swæfred were able to take over their father's position on his death, though they were not able to exclude their second cousin Offa (son of Sigehere) from some share of power." |
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694 - 7 . . Swæfred Son of SæbbiJoint ruler with Sigeheard. The first letter known to have been written by one Englishman to another, from Waldhere (Bishop of London) to Berhtwald (Archbishop of Canterbury), in 704-5, shows that there were strained relations between Sigeheard and Swæfred and King Ine of Wessex. Ine was promising not to seek vengeance against the East-Saxons, if they would expel exiles who had found shelter with them. Waldhere was going to attend a council at Brentford, at which the dispute was to be resolved. |
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. . . - 709 Offa Son of SigehereRoger of Wendover says that Offa was betrothed to Cyneswith, youngest sister of Æthelred of Mercia. Cyneswith, it seems, was extremely devout, and "... not content merely with her own salvation, brought Offa also ... to the heavenly kingdom." She refused to marry him, but her religious enthusiasm had infected Offa. In 709, Offa accompanied Æthelred's successor, Cenred, to Rome, where they both became monks. By the time of his departure, Offa must have been married, since Bede (who refers to Offa as "... a youth of a most pleasing age and comeliness, and greatly desired by all his nation to have and to hold the sceptre of the kingdom.") says that he "... quitted wife, and lands, and kindred and country, for Christ and for the Gospel ..." At unspecified dates, both Offa and Cenred died, as monks, in Rome. Barbara Yorke ('Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England'): "In addition to the dominant East Saxon kings there seem to have been further subsidiary rulers of rather more ambiguous status. Offa is the best attested of these. On the one hand, he was able to grant land in his own right and appears as rex in charters ... On the other hand, he is also described in one grant as subregulus and Bede says that he was an expectant heir, rather than a full king, when he left for Rome." |
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7 . . - 738 Swæfberht Symeon of Durham, in his annal for 738, simply notes that Swæfberht "... king of the East Saxons, died." |
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7 . . - 746 Selered The 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' has, as its entry for 746: "This year was King Selred [Selered] slain."
Barbara Yorke ('Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England'): "It is not clear how the reigns of Swæfberht and Selered interrelated and whether they ruled jointly or consecutively. Swithred, whose genealogy in the East Saxon collection shows that he was a grandson of the former king Sigeheard, may have been Selered's successor."
It was probably during the reign of the Mercian king, Æthelbald (716-757), that the province of the Middle-Saxons and London passed from Essex to Mercia. |
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7 . . - after 758 Swithred Alongside the year 758, Florence of Worcester records that: "At this period Swithred was king of the East-Saxons ..."
Florence's annals incorporate the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', and, although his comment about Swithred does not appear in any extant manuscript of the 'Chronicle', the rest of the content for that year does. That other content properly belongs to the year 760. |
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7 . . - 798 Sigeric Son of Seleredd. after 798 Appears as a witness in a charter of Ecgfrith of Mercia dated 796. An addition to Manuscript F of the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', against the year 798, simply states "... and Siric [Sigeric], king of the East Saxons, went to Rome." |
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798 - 826? Sigered Son of SigericFigures in two charters of Mercian king, Cenwulf, dated 811, in which he is referred to as king, but just a year later his status has been downgraded to 'dux'. He appears with the same title in a charter of Ceolwulf dated 823. |
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| Following his victory over Beornwulf of Mercia, in 825, Ecgberht of Wessex despatched a force into Kent. The incumbent ruler (Baldred, apparently a Mercian appointee) was driven off. Kent, Essex, Sussex (and also Surrey) then submitted to Ecgberht. These provinces formed a sub-kingdom of Wessex. Ecgberht went on to expel the king of Mercia, Wiglaf, in 829. He appears to have overreached himself, however, and Wiglaf was soon restored. In a charter dating from after this restoration there figures a 'minister' of Wiglaf, called Sigeric, who is styled king of the East-Saxons. This raises the possibility that, for a short period, Mercia managed to reassert its control over Essex. However, this was just a blip, and in 860, the eastern sub-kingdom was integrated into Wessex. |
| Translations: Roger of Wendover 'Flores Historiarum' by J.A. Giles Symeon of Durham 'Historia Regum' by J. Stevenson 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' by Rev. James Ingram/Dr. J.A. Giles Bede 'Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum' by J.A. Giles, revised by A.M. Sellar Florence of Worcester 'Chronicon ex Chronicis' edited and in part translated by Joseph Stevenson |
| East Anglia |
| Essex |
| Kent Mercia Northumbria Sussex Wessex |