| Site Map | Home | Early Medieval | The Birth of Nations: England |
| EAST ANGLIA | |||||||||
The kingdom of the East-Angles comprised the 'North Folk' and the 'South Folk', from which are derived the modern county names of Norfolk and Suffolk. East Anglia enjoyed a brief period of supremacy, under Rædwald, at the beginning of the 7th century, but, at the end of the 8th century, became a Mercian province. Following the decisive defeat of Mercia by Wessex, in 825, East Anglia became independent once more. In late 869, however, following the killing of the East Anglian king Edmund, the kingdom came under Viking control. The last Danish king of East Anglia was killed in 917, as Edward ('the Elder'), king of Wessex, fought to reclaim England from the Scandinavian interlopers.
|
|||||||||
King of the East-Angles |
|||||||||
571 - 578 Wuffa Alongside the year 571, Roger of Wendover states that: "Uffa [Wuffa] reigns in East-Anglia" Bede says: "... Uuffa [Wuffa], from whom the kings of the East Angles are called Uuffings [Wuffings]."
The 'Historia Brittonum' makes an unsubstantiated claim that Wuffa's father, Wehha (written as Guecha), was actually the first king of the East-Angles. |
|||||||||
578 - before 600? Tyttla Son of WuffaRoger of Wendover for 578: "At this period, Uffa, king of the East-Saxons ... was succeeded by Titilus [Tyttla] his son, who was the father of Redwald [Rædwald] ..." |
|||||||||
before 600? - 616x627 Rædwald Son of TyttlaRædwald provided sanctuary for the fugitive Edwin, son of Ælle of Deira, who, according to Bede, had "... wandered for many years as an exile, hiding in divers places and kingdoms, and at last came to Redwald [Rædwald], beseeching him to give him protection against the snares of his powerful persecutor. Redwald willingly received him, and promised to perform what was asked of him." The "powerful persecutor" was Æthelfrith, the reigning Northumbrian king. Æthelfrith contacted Rædwald, and attempted to bribe him into murdering Edwin, but to no effect: "He sent a second and a third time, offering a greater bribe each time, and, moreover, threatening to make war on him if his offer should be despised. Redwald, whether terrified by his threats, or won over by his gifts, complied with this request, and promised either to kill Edwin, or to deliver
|
|||||||||
| Mainline | |||||||||
616x627 - 628 Eorpwald Son of RædwaldIn 627, Eorpwald was persuaded to become a Christian by Edwin of Northumbria. Bede: "Earpwald [Eorpwald], not long after he had embraced the Christian faith, was slain by one Ricbert [Ricberht], a pagan; and from that time the province was in error for three years, till Sigbert [Sigeberht] succeeded to the kingdom, brother to the same Earpwald ..." |
|||||||||
628 - 631 Ricberht? Having killed Eorpwald, Ricberht may have ruled for the three years during which "the province was in error", as specified by Bede. |
|||||||||
631 - 6 . . Sigeberht (St.Sigebert) Son of Rædwald?Bede says that Sigeberht was "... a most Christian and learned man, who was banished, and went to live in Gaul during his brother's life, and was there initiated into the mysteries of the faith, whereof he made it his business to cause all his province to partake as soon as he came to the throne." Later, Bede elaborates, saying that Sigeberht "... had been baptized in Gaul, whilst he lived in banishment, a fugitive from the enmity of Redwald [Rædwald].... Rædwald's "enmity" towards Sigeberht may well be explained by William of Malmesbury (d.c.1143), in his 'Gesta Regum Anglorum' (Deeds of the English Kings), who says that Sigeberht was Eorpwald's "brother by the mother's side", i.e. he was Rædwald's stepson.
.... When he returned home, as soon as he ascended the throne, being desirous to imitate the good institutions which he had seen in Gaul, he founded a school wherein boys should be taught letters, and was assisted therein by Bishop Felix, who came to him from Kent, and who furnished them with masters and teachers after the manner of the people of Kent." Sigeberht abdicated his kingship (yielding it to his kinsman Ecgric) in order to follow the monastic life. Bede continues: "A long time after this, it happened that the nation of the Mercians, under King Penda, made war on the East Angles; who finding themselves no match for their enemy, entreated Sigbert [Sigeberht] to go with them to battle, to encourage the soldiers. He was unwilling and refused, upon which they drew him against his will out of the monastery, and carried him to the army, hoping that the soldiers would be less afraid and less disposed to flee in the presence of one who had formerly been an active and distinguished commander. But he, still mindful of his profession, surrounded, as he was, by a royal army, would carry nothing in his hand but a wand, and was killed with King Ecgric; and the pagans pressing on, all their army was either slaughtered or dispersed." |
|||||||||
6 . . - 6 . . Ecgric "kinsman" of SigeberhtAccording to Bede, Ecgric already "had a share" in the kingdom before Sigeberht abdicated and left him in sole control. Both Ecgric and Sigeberht were killed in battle against, Mercian king, Penda. |
|||||||||
6 . . - 654 Anna Son of Eni (Eni was the brother of Rædwald)Described by Bede as "a good man, and the father of good children ..." and later, as "... a man of true religion, and altogether noble in mind and deed." From 645-648, Anna gave refuge to Cenwalh of Wessex, who was driven from his kingdom by Penda of Mercia. Under Anna's auspices, Cenwalh was baptised. The 'Life of St.Foillan' (written at Nivelles, in modern Belgium, shortly after the events it describes), mentions an attack on East Anglia (c.650) by the Mercians. The monastery of Cnobheresburg (usually identified with Burgh Castle, Norfolk) was destroyed (after which the head of the community, Foillan, departed to the Franks) and Anna was temporarily expelled. Florence of Worcester for 654: "Anna, king of the East Angles, was slain by king Penda, and was succeeded by his brother Aethelhere." At some unspecified time, Anna's eldest daughter, Seaxburh (St.Sexburga), married Eorcenberht of Kent, whilst, in 660, another daughter, Æthelthryth (St.Etheldreda or St.Audrey), married Ecgfrith of Northumbria. Ecgfrith was not actually Æthelthryth's first husband, as Bede tells: "She had before been given in marriage to another, to wit, Tondbert, ealdorman of the Southern Gyrwas ....
North and South Gyrwe were districts in the fenland to the west of East Anglia. South Gyrwe was probably based on Ely.
.... but he died soon after he had married her, and she was given to the aforesaid king." Æthelthryth lived with Ecgfrith for twelve years, but, despite his approaches, she steadfastly remained a virgin. Ecgfrith agreed to her becoming a nun, and, after a year "... she was herself made abbess in the district called Elge, [Ely] where, having built a monastery, she began, by the example of a heavenly life and by her teaching, to be the virgin mother of many virgins dedicated to God. It is told of her that from the time of her entering the monastery, she would never wear any linen but only woollen garments, and would seldom wash in a hot bath, unless just before the greater festivals, as Easter, Whitsuntide, and the Epiphany, and then she did it last of all, when the other handmaids of Christ who were there had been washed, served by her and her attendants. She seldom ate more than once a day, excepting on the greater festivals, or some urgent occasion. Always, except when grievous sickness prevented her, from the time of matins till day-break, she continued in the church at prayer." After seven years as abbess, Æthelthryth died, and was succeeded by her sister, Seaxburh, who had become a nun after the death of her husband, Eorcenberht. Seaxburh "... when her sister had been buried sixteen years, thought fit to take up her bones, and, putting them into a new coffin, to translate them into the church. Accordingly she ordered some of the brothers to find a stone whereof to make a coffin for this purpose. They went on board ship, for the district of Ely is on every side encompassed with water and marshes, and has no large stones, and came to a small deserted city, not far from thence, which, in the language of the English, is called Grantacæstir, [Grantchester, near Cambridge] and presently, near the city walls, they found a white marble coffin, most beautifully wrought, and fitly covered with a lid of the same sort of stone. Perceiving, therefore, that the Lord had prospered their journey, they returned thanks to Him and carried it to the monastery." Æthelthryth's grave was duly opened: "... the physician, Cynifrid, who was present at her death, and when she was taken up out of the grave ... was wont to relate that in her sickness she had a very great tumour under her jaw. "And I was ordered," said he, "to lay open that tumour to let out the noxious matter in it, which I did, and she seemed to be somewhat more easy for two days, so that many thought she might recover from her infirmity; but on the third day she was attacked by the former pains, and being soon snatched out of the world, she exchanged all pain and death for everlasting life and health. And when, so many years after, her bones were to be taken out of the grave, a pavilion being spread over it, and all the congregation, the brothers on the one side, and the sisters on the other, standing about it singing, while the abbess, with a few others, had gone within to take up and wash the bones, on a sudden we heard the abbess within cry out with a loud voice, "Glory be to the name of the Lord." Not long after they called me in, opening the door of the pavilion, and I found the body of the holy virgin taken out of the grave and laid on a bed, like one asleep; then taking off the veil from the face, they also showed me that the incision which I had made was healed up; so that, in marvellous wise, instead of the open gaping wound with which she had been buried, there then appeared only the slightest trace of a scar. Besides, all the linen clothes in which the body had been wrapped, appeared entire and as fresh as if they had been that very day put about her chaste limbs." It is said that when she was sore troubled with the aforesaid tumour and pain in her jaw and neck, she took great pleasure in that sort of sickness, and was wont to say, "I know of a surety that I deservedly bear the weight of my trouble on my neck, for I remember that, when I was a young maiden, I bore on it the needless weight of necklaces; and therefore I believe the Divine goodness would have me endure the pain in my neck, that so I may be absolved from the guilt of my needless levity, having now, instead of gold and pearls, the fiery heat of a tumour rising on my neck." It happened also that by the touch of those same linen clothes devils were expelled from bodies possessed, and other diseases were at divers times healed; and the coffin wherein she was first buried is said to have cured some of infirmities of the eyes, who, praying with their heads resting upon that coffin, were presently relieved of the pain or dimness in their eyes. So they washed the virgin's body, and having clothed it in new garments, brought it into the church, and laid it in the sarcophagus that had been brought, where it is held in great veneration to this day. The sarcophagus was found in a wonderful manner to fit the virgin's body as if it had been made purposely for her, and the place for the head, which was fashioned separately, appeared exactly shaped to the measurement of her head. Elge is in the province of the East Angles, a district of about six hundred families, of the nature of an island, encompassed, as has been said, with marshes or waters, and therefore it has its name from the great plenty of eels taken in those marshes; there the aforesaid handmaid of Christ desired to have a monastery, because, as we have before mentioned, she came, according to the flesh, of that same province of the East Angles." |
|||||||||
654 - 654 Æthelhere Son of EniÆthelhere fought against Oswiu of Northumbria, as an ally of Penda of Mercia, at the River Winwæd (near Leeds). In fact, Bede says that Æthelhere "... had been the occasion of the war, and was now killed, having lost his army and auxiliaries." Penda was also killed in the battle, which Bede dates as 15th November 655. On the assumption that Bede's year started in September, Æthelhere's death was in 654 by modern reckoning. |
|||||||||
654 - 664 Æthelwald Son of EniAccording to Bede, Æthelwald stood as Godfather to Swithhelm of Essex, who was baptised by St.Cedd "... in the province of the East Angles, in the royal township, called Rendlæsham [Rendlesham], that is, Rendil's Dwelling ..." Florence of Worcester for 664: "Æthelwald, king of the East Angles, having died, was succeeded by Aldulf [Aldwulf], whose mother was Hereswith, sister of St.Hild the abbess [of Whitby] ..." |
|||||||||
664 - 713 Aldwulf Son of ÆthelricBede reports that Aldwulf, as a boy, saw a temple, set up by Rædwald, having both Christian and pagan altars. Barbara Yorke, in 'Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England', writes that Aldwulf's "... reign of about fifty years seems suspiciously long, but his accession is fixed by the synod of Hatfield of 679 being dated to his seventeenth year and the date of his death is provided by Frankish annals." The genealogy of Aldwulf's successor, Ælfwald, shows that Æthelric (Aldwulf's father) was the brother of kings Anna, Æthelhere and Æthelwald. There are suggestions that Æthelric should be equated with their predecessor, Ecgric, however, Dr.Yorke is dismissive: "... their first name-elements are two distinct forms, both well-attested among the Anglo-Saxons." |
|||||||||
713 - 749 Ælfwald Son of AldwulfÆlfwald was appears to have been a cultured man. He is known to have corresponded with St.Boniface (known as the 'Apostle of Germany', he was actually an Englishman, originally called Wynfrith - having resigned the Archdiocese of Mainz, he was killed, in 754, by pagans while on missionary work in Frisia), and commissioned the 'Life of St.Guthlac'. Guthlac died in 714, and the 'Life' was written by one Felix c.730-740. The work begins: "To him who truly believes in our master, world without end, to my dearest lord above all other men, earthly kings, Ælfwald, King of the East Angles, ruling the kingdom with justice and with propriety. I, Felix, confirm the true faith and the eternal blessing of salvation for all of God's faithful people, and send greetings. I have obeyed your words and commands; I have written the book which you asked for concerning the life of Guthlac of venerable memory, with clear words and evidence." (Felix actually wrote in Latin, but the above quote is taken from the Old English version, translated by Michael Swanton).
During Ælfwald's reign, Bede says that all the "... southern provinces, as far as the boundary formed by the river Humber, with their several kings ..." became subject to Æthelbald of Mercia. In 'The Earliest English Kings', D.P. Kirby asserts that: "It is evident from the Life of Guthlac that a harmonious relationship prevailed for some time after Aethelbald became king between the Mercian king and Aelfwald, son of Aldwulf, king of the East Angles, otherwise it would be difficult to explain the dedication of the Life of a Mercian saint to King Aelfwald. Perhaps an alliance with the East Angles was the cornerstone of Aethelbald's ascendancy."
Dr. Sam Newton, in 'The Origins of Beowulf and the pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia', has suggested that 'Beowulf' may have its origins in Ælfwald's East Anglia. |
|||||||||
The circumstances of Æthelberht's death and its aftermath were subsequently swathed in legend.
Coins minted in the name of Eadwald indicate that, following Offa's death in 796, East Anglia snatched a brief period of independence from Mercia, before succumbing to Offa's ultimate successor, Cenwulf. The defeat of the Mercian king Beornwulf by Ecgberht of Wessex (at the battle of Ellendun), in 825, marks the turning point in Mercia's fortunes. The incumbent king of Kent (apparently a Mercian 'puppet') was driven out by Ecgberht's son, Æthelwulf, and the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' records that: "... the men of Kent immediately submitted to him; as did also the inhabitants of Surrey, and Sussex, and Essex ... The same year also, the king of the East-Angles, and his subjects besought King Egbert [Ecgberht] to give them peace and protection against the terror of the Mercians; whose king, Bernwulf [Beornwulf], they slew in the course of the same year."
In his version of the yarn, Roger of Wendover makes no mention of beheading: "... Athelbert [Æthelberht], king of the East-Angles, son of king Ethelred [Æthelred], left his territories, much against his mother's remonstrances, and came to Offa, the most potent king of the Mercians, beseeching him to give him his daughter in marriage. Now Offa, who was a most noble king, and of a most illustrious family, on learning the cause of his arrival, entertained him in his palace with the greatest honour, and exhibited all possible courtesy, as well to the king himself as to his companions. On consulting his queen Quendritha [Cynethryth], and asking her advice on this proposal, she is said to have given her husband this diabolical counsel, "Lo", said she, "God has this day delivered into your hands your enemy, whose kingdom you have so long desired; if, therefore, you secretly put him to death, his kingdom will pass to you and your successors forever." The king was exceedingly disturbed in his mind at this counsel of the queen, and, indignantly rebuking her, he replied, "Thou hast spoken as one of the foolish women; far from me be such a detestable crime, which would disgrace myself and my successors"; and having so said, he left her in great anger. Meanwhile, having by degrees recovered from his agitation, both the kings sat down to table, and, after a repast of royal dainties, they spent the whole day in music and dancing with great gladness. But in the meantime, the wicked queen, still adhering to her foul purpose, treacherously ordered a chamber to be adorned with sumptuous furniture, fit for a king, in which Athelbert might sleep at night. Near the king's bed she caused a seat to be prepared, magnificently decked, and surrounded with curtains; and underneath it the wicked woman caused a deep pit to be dug, wherewith to effect her wicked purpose. When king Athelbert wished to retire to rest after a day spent in joy, he was conducted into the aforesaid chamber, and, sitting down in the seat that has been mentioned, he was suddenly precipitated, together with the seat, into the bottom of the pit, where he was stifled by the executioners placed there by the queen; for as soon as the king had fallen into the pit, the base traitors threw on him pillows, and garments, and curtains, that his cries might not be heard; and so this king and martyr, thus innocently murdered, received the crown of life which God hath promised to those that love him. As soon as this detestable act of the wicked queen towards her son-in-law was told to the companions of the murdered king, they fled from the court before it was light, fearing lest they should experience the like fate. The noble king Offa, too, on hearing the certainty of the crime that had been wrought, shut himself up in great grief in a certain loft, and tasted no food for three days. Nevertheless, although he was counted guiltless of the king's death, he sent out a great expedition, and united the kingdom of the East-Angles to his dominions. St.Athelbert was ignominiously buried in a place unknown to all, until his body, being pointed out by a light from heaven, was found by the faithful and conveyed to the city of Hereford, where it now graces the episcopal see with miracles and healing powers." The 'Chronicle' incorrectly assigns Ellendun to the year 823. It also gives the impression that Ellendun, Æthelwulf's assault on Kent and the killing of Beornwulf all took place in the same year. The evidence of a Kentish charter, however, suggests that it was not until 826 that Beornwulf was killed by the East-Angles.
In 827, Beornwulf's successor, Ludeca, met the same fate, as Florence of Worcester reports: "Ludecan [Ludeca], king of the Mercians, mustered his forces and led an army into the province of the East Angles, for the purpose of taking vengeance for the death of king Beornulf [Beornwulf], his predecessor. He was quickly met by the natives and their king, who in a severe battle slew him and five of his ealdormen, and very many of his troops, and put to flight the remainder." (Florence, bearing the same two year discrepancy as the 'Chronicle', places the event in 825). The name of the East Anglian king involved in the engagements which led to the deaths of Beornwulf and Ludeca is not chronicled. Coin evidence, however, suggests it was one Æthelstan. Later, Æthelweard is also known only by his coins.
Based purely on numismatic evidence, it has been suggested that Æthelstan had made an earlier bid for the throne, following the death of Cenwulf (821), but was driven out by Cenwulf's successor, Ceolwulf.
The first record of Viking activity in East Anglia occurs, incorrectly placed alongside the year 838 (it actually should be alongside 841), in the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', which reports on the activities of an army of marauding Danes: "... in Lindsey, East-Anglia, and Kent, were many men slain by the army." |
|||||||||
854 - 869 Edmund (St.Edmund) In his biography of Alfred 'the Great', king of Wessex, Asser writes: "In the year of our Lord's incarnation 855 ... Edmund the most glorious king of the East-Angles began to reign, on the eighth day before the kalends of January, i.e. on the birthday of our Lord, in the fourteenth year of his age." By modern reckoning, this would be Christmas Day 854. Asser also writes: "In the year of our Lord's incarnation 856 ... Humbert, bishop of the East-Angles, anointed with oil and consecrated as king the glorious Edmund, with much rejoicing and great honour in the royal town called Burva [possibly Bures], in which at that time was the royal seat, in the fifteenth year of his age, on a Friday, the twenty-fourth moon, being Christmas-day."
Alongside the year 866, the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' states that there: "... came a large heathen army into England ....
"From the Danube" say Asser and Florence of Worcester.
.... and fixed their winter-quarters in East-Anglia, where they were soon horsed; and the inhabitants made peace with them." (The phrase "made peace", in this context, means "bought off"). It is clear that, during this period, the 'Chronicle' adopts the convention of starting the year in what would be the previous September by modern reckoning. This army of Danes arrived, therefore, in the autumn of 865. The 'Chronicle of Æthelweard' names the leader of the Danes as "Igwar" (i.e. Ivar 'the Boneless').
The form of Ivar's name that Æthelweard uses shows that it comes from an early source, and therefore is likely to represent a correct identification. There is also a tradition associating his brother, Ubbi, with the leadership "but there is no trustworthy evidence for the identification", opines Sir Frank Stenton, in his 'Anglo-Saxon England'. At the very end of the 10th century, scholarly Anglo-Saxon monk Ælfric begins his account of the death of Edmund: "A certain very learned monk came from the South, over the sea, from Saint Benedict's Stow [the monastery of Fleury-sur-Loire], in the days of king Æthelred [reigned 978-1016], to archbishop Dunstan, three years before he died [Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury d.988]; and the monk was called Abbo. Then they were in conversation till Dunstan told him about saint Edmund, even as Edmund's sword-bearer told it to Æthelstan [reigned 924-939], when Dunstan was a young man and the sword-bearer a very old man. Then the monk put all this story in a book, and afterwards, when the book had come to us, within a few years, we turned it into English just as stands hereafter." Within the work proper, Ælfric writes: "... at last it befell that the Danish people came with a fleet, harrying and slaying widely over the land, as their custom is. In that fleet were their chief men, Hingwar [Ivar] and Hubba [Ubbi], associated by the devil ..."
In the autumn of 866, the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' announces that "... the army went from the East-Angles over the mouth of the Humber to the Northumbrians, as far as York." V
In the autumn of 869, the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' reports that: "... the army rode over Mercia into East-Anglia, and there fixed their winter-quarters at Thetford. And in the winter King Edmund fought with them; but the Danes gained the victory, and slew the king; whereupon they overran all that land, and destroyed all the monasteries to which they came. The names of the leaders who slew the king were Hingwar [Ivar] and Hubba [Ubbi]."
The above identification of Ivar and Ubbi only occurs as an insertion in manuscript F (late-11th century) of the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'.
Ælfric says that it was Ivar alone who led the Danes into East Anglia (he also says that Ivar came by ship): "... Hingwar [Ivar] suddenly, like a wolf, stalked over the land and slew the people, men and women, and witless children, and shamefully tormented the innocent Christians. Then soon afterward he sent to the king a threatening message, that he must bow down to do him homage, if he cared for his life. So the messenger came to king Edmund, and speedily announced to him Hingwar's message. "Hingwar our king, keen and victorious by sea and by land, hath rule over many peoples, and has landed here suddenly even now with an army, that he may take up his winter-quarters here with his host. Now he commandeth thee to divide thy secret treasures and thine ancestors' wealth quickly with him, and thou shalt be his under-king, if thou desire to live, because thou hast not the power that thou mayst withstand him." ....
The Edmond portrayed by Roger of Wendover is made of much sterner stuff than that portrayed by Ælfric. Roger talks of Edmund's "might and prowess" and of "his incomparable bodily size and stature". In his version of events (which incorporates the tradition represented by Abbo/Ælfric), Roger says that the Ivar and Ubbi came to Britain to avenge the murder of their father, Ragnar Lothbrok. In a highly unlikely yarn, King Edmund had been falsely accused, by his huntsman (the real culprit), of the murder. Ivar "... demanded the treasure to conceal his real object, which was rather the head than the money of that most merciful king."
.... So then king Edmund called a bishop who was handiest to him, and consulted with him how he should answer the savage Hingwar. Then the bishop feared for this terrible misfortune, and for the king's life, and said that it seemed best to him that he should submit to that which Hingwar bade him. Then the king kept silence and looked on the ground, and said to him at last even like a king; "Behold, thou bishop, the poor people of this land are brought to shame, and it were now dearer to me that I should fall in fight against him who would possess my people's inheritance." And the bishop said, "Alas, thou dear king thy people lie slain, and thou hast not sufficient forces with which thou mayst fight, and these seamen will come and will bind thee alive, unless thou save thy life by means of flight, or thus save thyself by yielding to him." Then said Edmund the king, full brave as he was; "This I desire and wish in my mind, that I should not be left alone after my dear thegns, who even in their beds, with their bairns and their wives, have by these seamen been suddenly slain. It was never my custom to take to flight, but I would rather die, if I must, for my own land; and almighty God knoweth that I will never turn aside from His worship, nor from His true love, whether I die or live." After these words he turned to the messenger whom Hingwar had sent to him, and said to him undismayed: "Verily thou wouldest now be worthy of death, but I will not defile my clean hands with thy foul blood, because I follow Christ, who hath so given us an example, and I will blithely be slain by you, if God hath so ordained. Depart now very quickly, and say to thy cruel lord: Edmund the king will never bow in life to Hingwar the heathen leader, unless he will first bow, in this land, to Jesus Christ with faith." Then went the messenger quickly away, and met on the way the bloodthirsty Hingwar with all his army hurrying to Edmund, and told that wicked man how he was answered. Hingwar then arrogantly commanded his troops that they should, all of them, take the king alone, who had despised his command, and instantly bind him. Then Edmund the king, when Hingwar came, stood within his hall mindful of the Saviour, and threw away his weapons, desiring to imitate Christ's example, who forbade Peter to fight with weapons against the bloodthirsty Jews. ....
In Roger of Wendover's rendering, as soon as Ivar's messenger had been dismissed: "Edmund commanded his companions to fly to arms, declaring it to be an honourable thing to fight for one's faith and country, and exhorting them not to betray the same by their cowardice... Edmund advanced boldly against the enemy with all the forces he could raise, and falling in with them as they came to meet him not far from the town of Thetford, he fought a severe battle with them, in which both sides sustained excessive loss, inflicting mutual slaughter from morning until evening, so that the whole field was red with the blood of the slain ... After the pagans had retired from the place of slaughter, king Edmund, the most blessed confessor of Christ, led the residue of his forces to the royal vill of Hæilesdune, steadfastly purposing in his mind never again to fight with the barbarians, and declaring that it was necessary that he alone should die for the people, that the whole nation might not perish. While Hinguar [Ivar] was inconsolable on account of the slaughter of his followers, his brother Hubba [Ubbi], who had just ravaged the whole of Mercia, joined him at Thetford with ten thousand men. Resolved to take vengeance on the holy king Edmund, they united their forces, and, moving their camp, quickly reached the village of Hæilesdune, where the most blessed king Edmund then was. The tyrant Hinguar then commanded the king and all his followers to be surrounded, that not one of them might escape alive; whereupon the most holy king Edmund, perceiving himself to be hedged in by his enemies, by the advice of Humbert, bishop of Helmham, fled to the church that he might show himself a member of Christ, and there exchanging his temporal for celestial weapons, he humbly prayed the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost to grant him fortitude in suffering."
.... Then those wicked men bound Edmund, and shamefully insulted him, and beat him with clubs, and afterward they led the faithful king to an earth-fast tree, and tied him thereto with hard bonds, and afterwards scourged him a long while with whips, and ever he called, between the blows, with true faith, on Jesus Christ; and then the heathen because of his faith were madly angry, because he called upon Christ to help him. They shot at him with javelins for their amusement, until he was all beset with their shots, as a porcupine's bristles, even as Sebastian was. When Hingwar, the wicked seaman, saw that the noble king would not deny Christ, but with steadfast faith ever called upon Him, then he commanded men to behead him, and the heathen did so. For while he was yet calling upon Christ, the heathen drew away the saint, to slay him, and with one blow struck off his head; and his soul departed joyfully to Christ. There was a certain man at hand, kept by God hidden from the heathen, who heard all this, and told it afterward even as we tell it here. So then the seamen went again to ship, and hid the head of the holy Edmund in the thick brambles, that it might not be buried." ...
Roger of Wendover: "... his tormentors ... shot at him with their bows till he was entirely covered in arrows, so that there was not a place in the martyr's body in which a fresh wound could be inflicted, but it was as completely covered with darts and arrows as is the hedgehog's skin with spines... the executioner, with one fierce stroke, severed his holy head from its trunk on the 20th day of November ... After the martyrdom of the most blessed king Edmund, the brothers Hinguar and Hubba, so hateful to God, wintered in the country of the East-Angles, giving themselves up to plunder and rapine, during which season they were joined by Gytro [Guthrum], a very powerful king of the Danes, who came to winter with them; but on the approach of spring all the pagans returned together from East-Anglia."
.... Then after a space, after they were gone away, came the country-folk, who were still left there, to where their lord's body lay without the head, and were very sore at heart because of his murder, and chiefly because they had not the head with the body. Then said the spectator who had previously beheld it that the seamen had taken the head with them, and it seemed to him, even as it were quite true, that they had hidden the head in the wood somewhere about. Then they all went seeking at last in the wood, seeking everywhere among the thorns and brambles if they might anywhere find the head. There was eke a great wonder, that a wolf was sent, by God's direction, to guard the head against the other animals by day and night. They went on seeking and always crying out, as is often the wont of those who go through woods; "Where art thou now, comrade?" And the head answered them, "Here, here, here." And so it cried out continually, answering them all, as oft as any of them cried, until they all came to it by means of those cries. There lay the grey wolf who guarded the head, and with his two feet had embraced the head, Greedy and hungry, and for God's care durst not taste the head, but kept it guarded against animals. Then they were astonished at the wolf's guardianship,
and carried the holy head home with them, thanking the Almighty for all His wonders; but the wolf followed forth with the head until they came to the town, as if he were tame, and then turned back again unto the wood. Then the country-people afterward laid the head by the holy body, and buried him as they best night in such haste, and full soon built a church over him."
Commemorative coins show that St.Edmund had become a cult figure in East Anglia by the beginning of the 10th century. Roger of Wendover says that: "After the lapse of many years, when the flames of war were wholly extinguished, the piety of the faithful began to revive, and from the number of miracles that were witnessed at the spot where the martyr's body rested, which is now called Hoxen [Hoxne] by the natives, they built a very large church in a royal village called in the English tongue Betrischesworthe [now Bury St.Edmunds] ... and thither they translated the holy martyr with festivity and dancing." It is probably no surprise that, when Edmund's body was exhumed for transport to its new resting place, it was found to be, not only uncorrupted, but fully healed and reattached to the head.
Æthelweard suggests that Ivar died in 870, and, indeed, he does vanish from history after the death of Edmund. It is possible (though by no means certain) that he is the Ímar whose death, in 873, is noted by the 'Annals of Ulster': "Ímar, king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and Britain, ended his life."
Asser states that, after Edmund's death "... the enemy reduced all that country to subjection." |
|||||||||
|
Towards the end of 870, the Danes moved on again, this time to Wessex. V
Coins in the names of Æthelred and Oswald suggest that, as in Northumbria, the Danes established a 'puppet' regime in East Anglia.
In 878, the army commanded by Danish king Guthrum, was decisively defeated by King Alfred 'the Great'. Not only did the Danes undertake to leave Wessex, but Guthrum was baptised as Æthelstan (with Alfred as his godfather). In the autumn of 878, The Danish army left Chippenham, and spent a year at Cirencester (in Mercia). In the autumn of 879, says the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle': "... went the army from Cirencester into East Anglia, where they settled, and divided the land." Guthrum issued coins under his baptismal name, Æthelstan, and, although Guthrum's kingdom was centred on East Anglia, it is clear that his power covered Essex and the southern midlands. Probably dating from 886 (after Alfred had been accepted as overlord of all Anglo-Saxon held territory), there exists a treaty which, amongst other things, defines the boundary between Alfred's and Guthrum's territories. Alongside the year 890, the 'Chronicle' notes that "... Guthrum, king of the Northern men, departed this life, whose baptismal name was Athelstan [Æthelstan]. He was the godson of King Alfred; and he abode among the East-Angles, where he first established a settlement." The last, unnamed, Danish king of East Anglia was killed in 917. |
|||||||||
| Translations: Asser 'Vita Alfredi' by Dr. J.A. Giles 'Beowulf' by Frances B. Grummere 'Annals of Ulster' by MacAirt & MacNiocaill Ælfric 'Passion of St.Edmund' by W.W. Skeat Roger of Wendover 'Flores Historiarum' by J.A. Giles 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' by Rev. James Ingram/Dr. J.A. Giles Bede 'Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum' by J.A. Giles, revised by A.M. Sellar William of Malmesbury 'Gesta Regum Anglorum' by Rev. J. Sharpe, revised by Rev. J. Stevenson Florence of Worcester 'Chronicon ex Chronicis' edited and in part translated by Joseph Stevenson |